Using logic and related modules to alter timing is a bit of a "black art", but once you sort out what's going on, it's easy.
Boolean logic consists of a set of four very basic gate operations:
AND gates will send a gate out only when the A and B inputs have a gate present.
OR gates will send a gate out when either the A or B inputs have a gate present.
NAND gates send out a gate when neither the A and B inputs have a gate present.
NOR gates send out a gate when neither the A or B inputs have a gate present.
...and those four logic states allow you to combine timing pulses in those ways in order to arrive at a completely different pulsetrain. For example, let's say you have a single timing signal, and you split this. One split stays unchanged, but the other goes through a gate delay so that there's a bit of overlap between the original and delayed gates. To extract a wholly new timing signal from these with an AND gate, you'd just send both to the AND's inputs, and the resulting output will only occur during that little overlap window.
Pulse delays are useful with these, obviously. But also, there are supporting modules for logical operations, and one of these is the very boring-looking comparator. Comparators are gate generators that output a gate when an incoming signal's level exceeds a threshold level set on the comparator (or from an inputted DC offset used as a threshold level). This allows you to take modulation signals, such as LFOs, and use them to fire a gate when the incoming modulation signal exceeds the threshold. This allows you to extract a very different timing signal, which you can then combine with clocking via the Boolean gates. This can get REALLY INTERESTING from a generative standpoint, because getting some freerunning LFOs tends to be cheap (Doepfer's A-145-4 has four of 'em for about $85) and basic comparators are also fairly inexpensive (Blue Lantern's dual one is only $45), so with minimal money and space, you can brew up timing MAYHEM.
Another type of module is a derivator. Ladik makes one of these (the J-110), and what this does is to read the "direction" of CV signals. How this works is that, if you have the derivator patched for "rise", a gate will appear at that patchpoint when the module detects that the incoming CV is rising in voltage, and when it changes direction, the gate cuts off (but now, the "fall" gate will have a gate present). These can get really bonkers when used with random CV sources, such as a sample and hold that's sampling a noise source.
The last sort of important logic module is the "Diode OR". These aren't logic as such, but they behave like an OR gate in that whenever a gate arrives at a Diode OR input, it can then be combined with OTHER incoming gates to create a composite timing signal. They're basically a mult for trigger/gate signals, with diodes to prevent reverse voltages from affecting other modules, and sometimes are also called "Integrators" for...well, integrating pulses.
So, yeah...logic can get pretty confusional, but at the heart of it, it's simpler than most think. And by adding lots of peripheral modules such as comparators, derivators, etc etc, you can create a whole world of complex timing in not a whole lot of space!